Itangazo rya RDI-Rwanda Rwiza : IMYIGARAGAMBYO Y’I PARIS
Abanyarwanda baharanira ukuri batumiwe mu myigaragambyo y’i Paris kuwa 06.04.2012
1.Tariki ya 6 Mata 1994, indege yari itwaye Prezida Habyarimana Yuvenali w’u Rwanda na Prezida Ntaryamira Sipiriyani w’u Burundi hamwe n’abari babaherekeje, yahanuriwe mu kirere cy’umugi wa Kigali. Icyo gikorwa cy’ubugome n’iterabwoba birenze kamere, cyabaye nyirabayazana ya jenoside n’ubwicanyi ndimbura-mbaga bwibasiye abanyarwanda barenga miliyoni, ari abaguye mu Rwanda, ari n’abiciwe muri Kongo, aho bamwe bari bahungiye intambara, ikanga ikabasangayo. Abahanuye iyo ndege ni nabo bahise bubura imirwano, batitaye ku masezerano y’amahoro yari yasinyiwe Arusha tariki ya 04.08.1993, agamije kurangiza intambara yari yarashojwe n’umutwe wa FPR-Inkotanyi tariki ya 01.10.1990.
2.Ubwo bwicanyi ndengakamere bwahekuye u Rwanda mu buryo burenze ukwemera, ni nabwo Jenerali Kagame n’ingabo ze bifashishije mu kugera ku butegetsi bafashe ku ngufu tariki ya 04.07.1994, bamaze kwisasira imirambo itabarika y’inzirakarengane.
3.Kubera inyungu yari ibifitemo, Leta ya FPR ntacyo yakoze kugira ngo ukuri kw’iraswa ry’iriya ndege kumenyekane. Ahubwo yihatiye kuyobya uburari, ikwiza hirya no hino ibinyoma bishinja abo yita « Abahutu b’intagondwa » kuba ari bo bishe Prezida Habyarimana. Leta ya Kagame yageze n’aho ishimangira ibyo binyoma by’urukozasoni mu nyandiko zififitse zinyuranye, iyamenyekanye cyane ikaba ari raporo y’agahomamunwa ya Komisiyo yitiriwe Ministiri Mucyo. Iyo raporo yasohotse mu mwaka w’i 2008, nyuma y’aho umucamanza w’umufransa Jean-Louis Bruguière asinyiye, mu mwaka w’i 2006, manda zigamije ifatwa rya Kagame na bamwe mu byegera bye bashinjwa kuba ari bo bahanuye indege ya Perezida Habyarimana. Ni nayo mpamvu muri iyo « Raporo Mucyo » ubutegetsi bwa FPR bwagerageje kwivanaho icyaha, bukemeza nta soni ko Ubufransa bwagize uruhare muri jenoside yakozwe mu Rwanda, kandi bizwi neza ko ahubwo igikorwa kiswe « Opération turquoise » cyatumye abanyarwanda benshi cyane bashobora gukiza amagara yabo, mu gihe ingabo za Kagame zarimo ziyogoza impande zose z’u Rwanda.
4.Tariki ya 10.01.2012, ubucamanza bw’Ubufransa bwatangaje raporo y’anketi yakozwe n’impuguke zibisabwe n’abajuji b’abagenzacyaha basimbuye Jean-Louis Bruguière, aribo Nathalie Poux na Marc Trévidic. Mbere y’uko iyo raporo ishyirwa ahagaragara, ubutegetsi bw’i Kigali bwaratanguranwe, bukora iyo bwabaga bwifashishije ibyitso byabwo bikorana n’ibinyamakuru binyuranye, mu kuvugisha iyo raporo ibyo bwishakiye, nanone bugusha ku kinyoma cyabwo kimaze imyaka 18, cy’uko ngo Prezida Habyarimana yaba yarishwe na bene wabo b’abahutu !
5.Icyo kinyoma gikabije cyatumye abanyarwanda bakunda ukuri biyemeza guhaguruka, bakarwanya bivuye inyuma uburiganya bwa Prezida Kagame na RPF ye, nk’uko byagaragajwe n’inyandiko yiswe « Déclaration de Paris » yasohotse tariki ya 12.02.2012, isaba abanyarwanda kuzitabira ari benshi imyigaragambyo iteganijwe mu mugi wa Paris, hagamijwe cyane cyane gusaba ko ubutabera bwakora umurimo wabwo mu bwigenge n’ubwisanzure.
6.Mbere yaho gato, mu itangazo ryo kuwa 18.01.2012, ishyaka RDI-Rwanda Rwiza ryari ryahamagariye abanyarwanda guhaguruka bagakora « imyigaragambyo mvuguruzakinyoma », kugira ngo bigaragare ko hari abantu benshi bakomeye ku cyifuzo cy’uko ukuri kugomba kumenyekana bidatinze, bityo abagome bateje amahano yibasiye abanyarwanda biturutse kw’iraswa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana, bagashyikirizwa inkiko.
7.Nk’uko byemejwe n’abashinzwe kuyitegura, iyo myigaragambyo izabera mu mugi wa Paris mu Bufaransa kuwa gatanu tariki ya 06.04.2012. Aha twakwibutsa zimwe mu ntego zigamijwe n’icyo gikorwa cy’ingirakamaro :
(1)Kwifatanya n’imiryango yose yapfushije mu kwibuka abayo, ari iyahekuwe kuwa 06.04.1994, ari n’iyiciwe mbere na nyuma y’iyo tariki, mu mahano yakuruwe n’intambara FPR yatangije kuwa 01.10.1990, igambiriye gufata ubutegetsi bwose, uko byagenda kose;
(2)Kwamagana ingoma y’igitugu ya Jenerali Kagame na FPR ishingiye ku kinyoma n’ubwicanyi ndengakamere no gushyigikira inzira y’ubufatanye bw’abarwanya iyo ngoma ngome;
(3)Gushyigikira ubucamanza bw’Ubufransa mu murimo bwiyemeje wo gutahura ukuri kw’ihanurwa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana no gusaba ababishinzwe gukomeza uwo murimo mu bwigenge busesuye, batitaye ku cyokere n’ibinyoma by’abicanyi bagambiriye kuyobya uburari bigira abere.
(4)Ishyaka RDI-Rwanda Rwiza ribaye rishimiye abayoboke baryo n’abandi banyarwanda ndetse n’inshuti z’u Rwanda, bazitabira ari benshi iyo myigaragambyo mvuguruzakinyoma. Bazabishimirwa kandi no mu mateka y’igihugu cyacu, kuko bazaba bateye inkunga y’ingirakamaro ibikorwa bigamije kwikiza Agatsiko k’abicanyi bafashe ubutegetsi ku ngufu mu Rwanda, none imyaka ikaba ishize ari 18 bica abaturage urubozo, ari nako basahura umutungo rusange.
(5)Abazitabira iyo myigaragambyo, bazaba kandi berekanye ku mugaragaro ko hamwe n’abandi banyarwanda baharanira ukuri, bashyigikiye icyifuzo cya benshi, cy’uko ababisha b’inkoramaraso bigize indakoreka bakingiwe ikibaba n’ubutegetsi bihaye, bakwiye gushyikirizwa inkiko, bityo igihugu kikayoborwa n’abanyapolitiki b’inyangamugayo badafite amaraso ku biganza, bahawe ubutegetsi n’abaturage, binyuze mu mishyikirano n’amatora ashingiye kuri demokrasi.
Bikorewe i Sion (Suisse), kuwa 29.03.2012
Mw’izina ry’Ishyaka RDI-Rwanda Rwiza,
Jean-Marie Mbonimpa
Umunyamabanga mukuru (Sé)
BOMBORI BOMBORI MURI OPPOSITION NYARWANDA.
Imyigaragambyo y’i Paris tariki 6 Mata 2012
Ubundi mu gihugu kigendera ku mategeko na demokarasi, buri muntu, buri shyirahamwe cyangwa ishyaka rifite uburenganzira bwo kwigaragambya, kwishimira, kugaragaza akababaro ku munsi runaka cyangwa kutabikora mu gihe bitari ngombwa kuri bo cyangwa bidahuye n’imyemerere cyangwa gahunda yabo.
Igitumye mbivuga n’uko muri iyi minsi hari abantu bamwe bumva bahatira abandi kujya mu myigaragambyo yo ku itariki ya 6 Mata 2012, kandi wenda abo bantu bumva bidahuye n’imyemerere yabo cyangwa gahunda yabo ya politiki. Iyo myitwarire ntaho yaba itaniye n’iya Leta ya Kigali, ikoresha abashinzwe umutekano mu guhatira abaturage mu kwitabira imihango cyangwa amanama batemera ku ngufu.
Kuba abantu bari muri opposition ntabwo bivuze ko bose bagomba kugira imitekerereze imwe ya politiki cyangwa imyemerere imwe. Icy’ingenzi n’uko habaho ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya ngombwa bahuriraho nka opposition kandi bishingiye ku nyungu rusange za opposition mu kurwanya ubutegetsi buriho.
Ariko muri opposition nyarwanda siko biri kuko harimo imibare myinshi ya politiki, ku buryo iriya tariki ya 6 Mata 2012 isabwa kwitonderwa ku banyapolitiki.
Mbere ya 1994 hari abanyarwanda benshi bakundaga Perezida Habyalimana, ariko hari n’abandi bamurwanyaga cyane. Nyuma y’urupfu rwe ndetse na FPR igafata ubutegetsi, FPR yaje idatoranya yibasira abo isanze bose irica, irafunga, mbese nta mabi yasize inyuma. Abanyarwanda benshi cyane cyane abahutu barandagajwe bahindurwa ibicibwa kw’isi yose, mbese FPR yabaye nk’aho yibasiye ubwoko bw’abahutu bwose muri rusange.
Abahuye n’ibyo bikorwa byo kwicwa, gufungwa, kwitwa interahamwe, ibipinga n’ibindi abenshi ni abantu bari baranze no guhunga bibwira ko kuba batari muri MRNDD ya Perezida Habyalimana bizabakuraho icyaha.
Abo bose nyuma yo gusa nk’aho basubije ubwenge ku gihe batangiye kwicuza bati n’ubundi Perezida Habyalimana iyo agumaho ntituba tumeze dutya. Ndetse hari n’abatutsi bamwe batinyuka kuvuga ko FPR yabamarishije kandi ntigire icyo ibamarira, kandi mbere y’uko itera ntacyo bari babaye gikomeye.
Nk’uko nabyanditse mu minsi ishize (mu nyandiko yasobotse kuri uru rubuga yirwa IYO PEREZIDA HABYALIMANA ABA AKIRIHO ABA YUJUJE IMYAKA 75) muri iyi minsi izina rya Perezida Habyalimana ryagaruye ingufu cyane cyane mu bayarwanda bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu. Ibi bituma abanyapolitiki benshi ndetse harimo n’abamurwanyaga mbere ya 1994, aha navuga nka Faustin Twagiramungu wa RDI-Rwanda Rwiza, Emmanuel Habyalimana wa CNR-Intwali n’abandi, bashaka gukoresha izina rya Perezida Habyalimana ndetse n’akababaro k’abahutu muri rusange ngo barebe ko bakongera ingufu z’amashyaka yabo. (ibi bashobora kuba babikora by’amayeri yo kubona abayoboke, cyangwa bakaba bicuza impamvu barwanije Perezida Habyalimana bagakorana na FPR) Kuri benshi mu banyapolitiki ba kera aya niyo mahirwe yabo ya nyuma muri politiki kuko n’ubundi barashaka kugarura isura yabo yari yarangijwe no gukorana na FPR. Iyi myigaragambyo ya tariki 6 Mata 2012 ni nko kwerekana ko basubiye ku murongo mbese basabye second and last chance yo kugira icyo bakora muri politiki.
Guhindura itariki y’imyigaragambyo kuri bo ni nko kwiyahura kuko abanyarwanda cyane cyane bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu bari batangiye kubagirira icyizere cyahita kiyoyoka dore ko icyizere kitaraba cyose.
Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko abanyapolitiki bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu batazitabira iriya myigaragambyo, basa nk’aho bazaba biyahuye (suicide politique) n’ubwo bwose mu mahame ya kidemokarasi buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo icyo ashaka ariko siko bimeze muri politiki nyarwanda cyane cyane ko akenshi ishingira ku moko no ku turere.
Ihuriro RNC ryo kutitabira iriya myigaragambyo ni ikintu cyumvikana kandi bitagoye gusobanura (RNC irimo abanyarwanda benshi bo mu bwoko bw’abatutsi n’abandi benshi bayishyigikiye mu gihugu rwihishwa badakozwa na mba iriya tariki), ku buryo n’abo banyapolitiki bari mu mashyaka azitabira iyo myigaragambyo babizi batabipfa na RNC cyane.
Ndetse kongera kuvugana na RNC nyuma y’iyo myigaragambyo nta kibazo bizatera kuko RNC izaba igaragaje ko yihagazeho kandi tutirengagije ayo mashyaka arayikeneye kubera impamvu 2 z’ingenzi:
-Kuva RNC yashingwa byatumye isura y’abarwanya ubutegetsi bwa Leta ya Kagame ihinduka, haba mu Rwanda cyangwa mu mahanga, aho kubona urwanya ubutegetsi wese nk’umuhutu w’intagondwa cyangwa umujenosideri, bisigaye ari ibintu bisanzwe kumva ko umunyarwanda wese ubwoko ubwo aribwo bwose ashobora kuba muri opposition.
-Bamwe mu bayobozi ba RNC bafite ingufu nyinshi ku bantu bari mu butegetsi bwo mu Rwanda cyane cyane abo mu bwoko bw’abatutsi ku buryo byatuma amahinduka yoroha cyangwa akihuta. Kandi RNC niyo ifite uburyo bwo kuba yakumvisha abaturage bo mu bwoko bw’abatutsi ko amahinduka ari ngombwa kandi ko nibaguma inyuma ya Kagame amaherezo azabaroha.
Abo itariki ya 6 Mata ishobora gukoraho ni abanyapolitiki b’abahutu bazaba batashatse kwitabira iyo myigaragambyo ngo batarakaza RNC. Ubucuti bwabo na RNC buzakomeza kandi ubundi muri demokarasi buri muntu afite uburenganzira bwo guhitamo ariko ku rundi ruhande bazaba biyahuye, (suicide politique) aha ndavuga abantu bamwe bo muri FDU-Inkingi bakunze kwita iya Nkiko Nsengimana.
Nk’uko byagaragaye, bamwe mu bantu bo muri FDU-Inkingi bari barataye umurongo nka Eugène Ndahayo batumiye abantu mu myigaragambyo kugira ngo barebe ko isura yabo yakongera kumera neza. Ibi nta kindi bizaganishaho uretse isenyuka rya FDU-Inkingi kuko ari igice cya Ndahayo Eugène nta ngufu zigaragara gifite, ari igice cya Nkiko Nsengimana kizaba gisa nk’ikiteranije n’abahutu benshi bumvaga ko n’iyo RNC itaza mu myigaragambyo ariko ntikurure FDU-Inkingi ngo nayo itume itajyayo.
Kuri FDU-Inkingi hazaba hasigaye inzego gusa nta bayoboke, bikaba byaca intege cyane Madame Victoire Ingabire aho ari mu buroko. Kandi birashoboka ko abayobozi ba FDU-Inkingi bamwe bashobora gusezera cyangwa bakirukana mu ishyaka abo batavuga rumwe.
Hari amakuru avuga ko hari bamwe mu bayoboke bo hejuru ba FDU-Inkingi bagize uruhare mu itangwa z’impapuro zo gufata abasirikare 40 ba FPR zatanzwe na Espagne, ubu harakekwa ko abo bayoboke ba FDU-Inkingi bakora uko bashoboye ngo zivanweho kugira ngo Lt Gen Kayumba ashobore gukora politiki mu bwisanzure. Bibaye byo Lt Gen Kayumba agakurirwaho izo mpapuro bishobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi:
-Zishobora gukurirwaho n’abandi bose basigaye
-Igitutu kuri Leta ya Kagame cyaba kigabanutse
-Imyitwarire ya RNC na Lt Gen Kayumba ishobora guhinduka mu gihe baba bazi ko nta kibazo bafite mu butabera
-Ishyaka FDU-inkingi ntabwo ryarokoka uburakari bw’abaturage b’abahutu.
Abayoboke benshi ba FDU-Inkingi bazaba bamaze kurambirwa ako kadurivayo bashobora kwerekeza muri MRP ya Albert Rukerantare, RDI-Rwanda Rwiza ya Twagiramungu cyangwa RNC.
Ariko ikindi gishobora kuba nyuma y’iyi myigaragambyo n’imishyikirano ifatika hagati ya RNC n’andi mashyaka nakwita ko yiganjemo abahutu kuko icyo gihe buri ruhande ruzaba rumaze kugaragaza aho ruhagaze ku bibazo bimwe na bimwe bireba u Rwanda. (Nta gitangaza kirimo ko hari abayoboke ba RNC bashobora kuzitabira iriya myigaragambyo ku giti cyabo cyangwa mu rwego rwa diplomasi cyane cyane ababifite aho bahuriye na kiriya kibazo cy’indege)
Bimwe mu bibazo bindi bitera ubwumvikane bucye muri opposition
RNC igizwe n’abantu benshi bahoze muri FPR, ku buryo ibyaha bimwe na bimwe byakozwe na FPR bigoye kubitandukanya n’abo bantu natanga urugero:
-Lt Gen Kayumba Nyamwasa hari ibyaha byinshi by’ubwicanyi aregwa
-Col Patrick Karegeya kuba yarategekaga inzego zishinzwe iperereza ryo hanze bituma nawe atungwa agatoki na benshi mu bikorwa byinshi byabaye igihe yari muri ako kazi
-Gerard Gahima aregwa kuba mu bakoze amalistes ngo ya ba ruharwa (ayo malistes koko yariho abantu bamwe bakoze ubwicanyi, ariko muri rusange abenshi bari kuri ayo ma listes kubera imvo za politiki n’ubwoko kurusha ubutabera), abanyarwanda benshi ubu bafunze cyangwa bigeze gufungwa hari benshi bivugwa ko bafunzwe kubera uyu mugabo, si ibyo gusa kuko abanyarwanda benshi bo mu Burayi, Amerika, Afrika bafite imanza nyinshi bakiburana kubera impapuro zo kubashakisha zagiye zitangwa na Gahima ndetse akanazijyanira no muri ibyo bihugu, harimo bamwe zari zifite ishingiro ariko harimo n’abandi babaga baregwa ibirego by’ibihimbano byacuzwe n’ubutegetsi.
Kuba aba bagabo basaba imbabazi ariko bateruye (birumvikana ko Radio cyangwa ibinyamakuru atari urukiko, kandi burya muri politiki ntawe ushyira amakarita ye yose ku meza icyarimwe aba agomba kugira izo abika ashobora gukoresha mu mahina) bituma hari benshi babifata nko kwiyerurutsa.
Ikindi kibazo k’ingorabahizi n’uko abagize RNC ubona mu mvugo zabo badashaka kwiteranya na bamwe muri bagenzi babo basigaye mu buyobozi no mu gisirikare mu Rwanda, abacitse ku icumu ndetse n’abatutsi muri rusange ahubwo bakavuga cyane cyane Kagame. Ibi bikaba imbogamizi nini cyane kuri bamwe bumvaga ko abantu bo muri FPR bakoze ubwicanyi babariwe ntibahanwe byatuma abafungiye Arusha no mu magereza yo mu Rwanda bafungurwa ndetse no gukurikirana abantu ku cyaha cya genocide bigahagarara (amnistie Générale).
Iki kibazo kizamura impaka ndende kuko byaba bikomeje kugaragara ko hahanwa uruhande rumwe gusa bigatuma hari abakomeza gushyira ingufu mu ifatwa ry’abahoze muri FPR na Lt Gen Kayumba arimo. Kandi gushaka gufata abasirikare ba FPR bari mu buyobozi ubu byatuma impinduka za politiki zitabaho mu mahoro ndetse zikagwamo inzirakarengane nyinshi.
Mu kiganiro Lt Gen Kayumba yahaye Radio Itahuka ijwi ry’ihuriro RNC, hari aho yakoresheje amagambo atarashimishije abanyarwanda bo mu bwoko bw’abahutu cyane cyane abakomoka mu majyaruguru y’igihugu n’abari barahungiye muri Congo. Ndetse abanyamashyaka bamwe babona Lt Gen Kayumba yarabasuzuguye akanabishongoraho muri icyo kiganiro.
Kuba ihuriro RNC rivuga ko atari ishyaka ahubwo ari ihuriro, bijijisha benshi kuko ubundi ihuriro (plate-forme) rigirwa n’amashyaka menshi kandi uretse RNC ubwayo na PDR-Ihumure ya Rusesabagina nawe umaze iminsi usezeye muri RNC nta yandi mashyaka agaragara muri iryo huriro. Abakabya bo bavuga ko iyo mvugo ihishe byinshi birimo gushaka kwishyira hejuru ya bose nka ya yindi ya FPR yo kwiyita umuryango w’abanyarwanda aho kwitwa ishyaka nk’andi mashyaka.
Ikindi kibazo gikomeye n’uko abanyapolitiki benshi b’abahutu batinya RNC ko yabagira ibikoresho bo n’amashyaka yabo nk’uko FPR yagiye ibigenza mu myaka yashize inakomeje kubigenza ubu. (Hari abemeza ko Rusesabagina yasezeye muri RNC kubera iyo mpamvu).
Kuba hari abanyapolitiki bakemangwa kuba barafashije FPR gufata ubutegetsi ndetse bagakorana nayo, ubu bari muri opposition, bameze nk’abadashaka ko habaho ubufatanye na RNC amashyaka yabo atarakomera kandi bafite ubwoba bwo gufata ibyemezo bishobora kubagiraho ingaruka mbi mu rwego rwa politiki kuko imbere y’abanyarwanda b’abahutu, abo banyapolitiki bameze nk’abari mu igeragezwa. Nabaha urugero ku baba barumvise Radio Ijwi rya Rubanda, aho Bwana Twagiramungu yageragezaga kwisobanura ko yabeshywe na FPR bigatuma nawe abeshya abanyarwanda, bigaragare ko Bwana Twagiramungu adashaka gufata risque mu gihe atarizera ko yongewe kugirirwa icyizere.
Icyizere cyo guhindura ibintu vuba abanyarwanda benshi bari bafitiye RNC igishingwa, cyaragabanutse gato. Kuko umuvuduko yari ifite nawo waragabanutse. Ariko abayoboke bamwe ba RNC siko babibona, ahubwo bavuga ko bagenda bashinga imizi ahantu henshi kw’isi kandi no mu Rwanda imbere abayoboke bariyongera ubutitsa.
Ntawashidikanya ko RNC iteye ikibazo Leta ya Kagame, kuko iyo urebye ibyo ibinyamakuru byayo byandika bishaka gusebya abagize RNC ubona ko Leta ifite ubwoba bwa RNC.
Umwanzuro
Ikihutirwa ni uko amashyaka yose ya opposition yagirana imishyikirano ifatika n’iyo yatwara igihe. Maze bagafata ingamba zifatika kandi bakagira ibyo bemeranywaho mu bigomba gukorwa mu kurwanya ubutegetsi bwa Kagame, n’ibyakorwa ubwo butegetsi buramutse buhirimye.
Ikibazo cy’ubumwe n’ubwiyunge bw’abanyarwanda, ubutabera, gusaranganya ubukungu bw’igihugu, impunzi.. bikigwaho hakiri kare kuko kwibwira ko bizigwaho ubutegetsi bwa Kagame ari uko bumaze guhirima ni ukwibeshya cyane. Kuko buhirimye nabi ku buryo bwihuse byatera intambara mbi cyane n’ubwicanyi ndenga kamere.
Banyapolitiki mukorera hanze mufite umwanya n’uburyo bwo gukora imishyikirano, nimuyikore mwumvikane kandi mufate ingamba zifatika. Si ngombwa ko mwese mugira imyumvire imwe, ahubwo icyangombwa n’iko mwese mukunda u Rwanda kandi mwifuza ko ibintu bihinduka hakaza Demokarasi isesuye aho buri munyarwanda azagira uburenganzira bwe ndetse n’amategeko agakurikizwa.
Marc Matabaro
Rwiza News
Gen KAYUMBA NYAMWASA’S CASE PROVES TO BE WATERTIGHT.
Johannesburg – The case in which the state accuses Armani Uriwani ( accused 1) together with the rest of five accused with conspiracy to murder and attempted murder, preceded today with trial within a trial where the defence alleges duress into the making of confessions by accused 1 that resulted into the arrest of the rest of the accused. The prosecutor opened the session by calling to the witness stand col Zwane George Mohlame to the court and after went on to lead evidence.